Bumpy flights have long been a routine part of air travel, but recent studies and passenger experiences suggest that turbulence is becoming more frequent and more intense. While occasional jolts in the air are nothing new, the severity and unpredictability of these events are now raising fresh concerns among aviation experts and travellers alike. As global temperatures rise, scientists are observing shifts in atmospheric patterns that may be contributing to a noticeable increase in in-flight turbulence. Turbulence typically results from sudden changes in wind speed and direction, often intensified by geographic features like mountain ranges or atmospheric conditions such as jet streams. One particular form—clear-air turbulence (CAT)—has become a focus for researchers because it occurs